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Dinobryon, a colonial alga from the Chrysophyceae group
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the 'branches' are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. Much smaller algae are attached to the structure extending upwards in the lower right quarter
Phytoplankton bloom in the south Atlantic off Argentina
Algae (one alga, but several algae) are a type of plant-like living things that can make food from sunlight by photosynthesis. The study of algae is called phycology or algology.
The term covers a range of photosynthetic organisms, and many are not closely related. They are a polyphyletic group.
The term lumps together many different kinds of organisms. They have in common only that they are autotrophic: they use natural sources of energy and simple inorganic materials to build their forms. As non-vascular plants they do not have the kind of cell and tissue structure of land plants. They are a convenient but very loose term. Only in recent years has it become clear how different the many kinds of algae are.
Biology and taxonomy[change | change source]
Mac free games. Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms. Some have one cell and others have many cells. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds. They are like plants, and 'simple' because they lack the many distinct organs found in land plants. For that reason they are not classified as plants.
Though the prokaryoticcyanobacteria (formerly referred to as blue-green algae) were included as 'algae' in older textbooks, it is not now.[1] The term algae is now used for eukaryotic organisms.[2] All true algae have a nucleus within a membrane and chloroplasts inside one or more membranes.[1][3] However, algae are definitely not a monophyletic group,[1] as they do not all descend from a common algal ancestor.[4] Modern taxonomists propose splitting them up into monophyletic groups, but not everyone agrees how to do this.[4][5]
Algae do not have the same structures that land plants do, such as leaves, roots, and other organs. Nearly all algae have parts that do photosynthesis the same way as cyanobacteria. They make oxygen, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green bacteria. Some unicellular species use only external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic parts.
Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.[6]
Types of algae[change | change source]
Below are some important kinds of algae. The list is not complete.
- Green algae: they are regarded as plants because they use the same type of chlorophyll as green plants do. An evolutionary relationship between green algae and green plants is assumed.
- Red algae: use a red pigment to capture the energy of sunlight, and so thought to have evolved separately from green plants.
- Brown algae: use chlorophyll a, but have several other biochemical differences. Also not considered a green plant.
- Yellow-green algae: the Xanthophyceae.
- Golden algae: the Chrysophyceae.
Life style[change | change source]
Ecology[change | change source]
Algae are usually found in damp places or water, and are common on land and water. However, algae on land are usually inconspicuous and are far more common in moist, tropicalregions than dry ones. Algae do not have vascular tissues and other adaptations to live on land, but they can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen.
The various sorts of algae play significant roles in aquatic ecology. Microscopic forms that live suspended in the water column are called phytoplankton. They provide the food base for most marinefood chains. Kelp grows mostly in shallow marine waters. Some are used as human food or harvested for agar or fertilizer. Kelp can grow in large stands called kelp forests. These forests prevent some of the damage from waves. Many different species live in them, including sea urchins, sea otters, and abalone.
Some algae may harm other species. Some algae may reproduce a lot, and make an algal bloom. These algae may make protective toxins which kill fish in the water. Dinoflagellates make a compound that turns the flesh of fish into slime. Then the algae eats this nutritious liquid.
Symbiosis[change | change source]
Nudibranch Pteraeolidia ianthina contains algae which photosynthesize, and provide food for the mollusc
Algae have evolved a number of symbiotic partnerships with other organisms. The most famous is the plant-like lichen, which are each formed by a fungus with an alga. It is a highly successful life-form, and twenty thousand 'species' are known. In all cases the lichen are quite different in appearance and life-style from either constituent; it is possibly the most complete symbiosis known. Both constituents gain from their access to niches with low nutrient value, which is where lichen are found.
Less well known are the algal relationships with animals. Reef-building corals are basically social Cnidarianpolyps. Corals are dependent on light, because the algae are important partners, and they require light. Corals have evolved structures, often tree-like, which offer the algae maximum access to light. The coral weakens the algal cell walls, and digests about 80% of the food synthesised by the algae. The corals' waste-products provide nutrients for the algae so, as with lichen, both partners gain from the association. The algae are golden-brown flagellate algae, often of the genus Symbiodinium. A curious feature of the partnership is that the coral may eject the algae in hard times, and regain them later. The ejection of the algal partner is called bleaching, because the coral loses its colour.[7]p200
Other types of Cnideria, such as sea anemones and jellyfish, also contain algae. Jellyfish with algae behave so that their partners get the best light during the day, and descend to depths at night, where the water is rich in nitrates and brown with decay. Sea slugs and clams are also well known for harbouring algae. Both groups are molluscs. The sea slugs graze on coral, and are the same colour as the coral they graze. They are able to separate the algae from the polyp tissues they digest. The algal cells are moved to its tentacles, where they continue to live. The otherwise defenceless slug gains both camouflage and nutrition.[7]p204 The giant clam keeps algae in its mantle, which is revealed when the clam is open. The coloured mantle has places where the skin is transparent, and acts like a lens to concentrate light on the algae beneath. When the algae get too numerous, the clam digests them.[7]p203
Various other marine invertebrate groups have members which symbiose with algae. Flatworms (Platyhelminths) and Polychaete worms (Annelids) are two such groups.
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.01.11.2Nabors, Murray W. (2004). Introduction to Botany. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
- ↑Allaby, M ed. (1992). 'Algae'. The Concise Dictionary of Botany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑Round, Frank Eric 1981. The ecology of algae. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ 4.04.1Patrick J. Keeling (2004). 'Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts'. American Journal of Botany. 91: 1481–1493. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481.
- ↑Parfrey, Laura Wegener; et al. (2006). 'Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity'. PLoS Genet. 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMC1713255. PMID17194223.
- ↑Bengtson S, Belivanova V, Rasmussen B, Whitehouse M. 2009. The controversial 'Cambrian' fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older. PNAS106:7729-34.
- ↑ 7.07.17.2Attenborough, David. 1995. The private life of plants. BBC, London. Chapter 5 Living together.
Retrieved from 'https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae&oldid=7034778'
Please Sign Up to Read or Download 'Yoga Vasistha Free Pdf' eBooks in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl and Mobi. Start your FREE month now! Click Download or Read Now button to sign up and download/read Yoga Vasistha Free Pdf books. Fast Download Speed ~100% Satisfaction Guarantee ~Commercial & Ad Free
✏Book Title : The Concise Yoga Vasistha
✏Author : Swami Venkatesananda
✏Publisher : SUNY Press
✏Release Date : 1984-01-01
✏Pages : 430
✏ISBN : 0873959558
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Swami Venkatesananda
✏Publisher : SUNY Press
✏Release Date : 1984-01-01
✏Pages : 430
✏ISBN : 0873959558
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏The Concise Yoga Vasistha Book Summary : The Concise Yoga Vasistha a clear, provocative summary of one of the leading texts of Hinduism. Swami Venkatesananda continues the long tradition of elaborating on and clarifying the teachings of the sage Vasistha. It captures the verve of the original text while eliminating needless repetition. For the specialist, this book makes available a handy guide to the original Sanskrit without sacrificing philosophical depth. To the comparative religionist, it provides an occasion for understanding how Hinduism has been able to accommodate seemingly opposite schools of thought without giving way to the platitudes which mar many syncretic movements.
✏Book Title : The Wisdom of Vasi ha
✏Author : Raghunandan
✏Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishe
✏Release Date : 2004
✏Pages : 524
✏ISBN : 8120820436
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Raghunandan
✏Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishe
✏Release Date : 2004
✏Pages : 524
✏ISBN : 8120820436
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏The Wisdom of Vasi ha Book Summary : Yogavasistha or Yogavasistha Maharamayana has been a guide book to earnest Sadhakas, all over the country. The popularity of this book appears to be due to the fact, that it is a happy combination of terse Upanisadic thought clothed in the story form. A scripture becomes relevant, when it gives the truths of the Upanisads, using a common man's language with illustrative stories, helps a beginner as well as an advanced seeker. It is believed by some that Sage Valmiki wrote the Ramayana for the purification of mind and to create a mood of seeking in the society. It is well known, that the story of Sri Rama, gives an exemplary ethical and moral behaviour in an individual, and a glimpse into the ideal culture, through the description of Ayodhya. For only on a strong ethical and moral foundation can one hope to build the super-structure of spirituality. Attempt has been made to cover all the stories in six Prakaranas. This book is a study by a seeker, and an attempt to present the philosophy, and practical hints contained in the book, to fellow seekers who are not very familiar with Sanskrit. It is essentially meant for inspiring the seekers to take up the study of the original text, which is a mine of practical wisdom. The essays contained herein, are glimpses into the meditations on the golden verses and their connection and relevance in our day-to-day life. Consequently, the interpretation and the perspective is not really meant for scholastic pursuits.
?A Glimpse Into Yogavasistha✍ Swami Tejomayananda
✏Book Title : A Glimpse into Yogavasistha
✏Author : Swami Tejomayananda
✏Publisher : Central Chinmaya Mission Trust
✏Release Date : 2016
✏Pages : 164
✏ISBN : 9788175977051
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Swami Tejomayananda
✏Publisher : Central Chinmaya Mission Trust
✏Release Date : 2016
✏Pages : 164
✏ISBN : 9788175977051
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏A Glimpse into Yogavasistha Book Summary : This book covers Lord Rama's Guru Vasistha a great treasure of the highest knowledge and great stories, which answers multifold questions of life. This text covers almost the entire philosophical thought of Sanatana Dharma.
✏Book Title : Awaken Your Third Eye
✏Author : Susan Shumsky
✏Publisher : Red Wheel/Weiser
✏Release Date : 2015-04-20
✏Pages : 288
✏ISBN : 9781601633897
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Susan Shumsky
✏Publisher : Red Wheel/Weiser
✏Release Date : 2015-04-20
✏Pages : 288
✏ISBN : 9781601633897
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Awaken Your Third Eye Book Summary : Usually, you perceive the world by using your five senses: sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. But there is a sixth sense, an inner eye that can open the gateway to subtler realms of existence. Developing this inner eye will enable you to view a previously invisible world of multiple dimensions, spiritual planes filled with light, and alternate realities of indescribable wonders. This eye of wisdom, knowledge, illumination, and intuition is aptly named the third eye. Using the methods in Awaken Your Third Eye, you will learn how to develop supersensory perception, and how to use your third eye in your everyday life to receive guidance, healing, wisdom, inspiration, creativity, and spiritual awakening.
✏Book Title : A Trilogy in Maya Book Two
✏Author : Lloyd Leiderman
✏Publisher : Balboa Press
✏Release Date : 2019-03-31
✏Pages : 146
✏ISBN : 9781982224554
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Lloyd Leiderman
✏Publisher : Balboa Press
✏Release Date : 2019-03-31
✏Pages : 146
✏ISBN : 9781982224554
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏A Trilogy in Maya Book Two Book Summary : Spiritual communication with words is tricky because all words are based upon conceptual duality. Thus, to usefully encourage resonance with the One, spiritual teachings and Self conception must avoid subconscious programming away from oneness. Part one of this book illumines you to avoid carelessly using words, even as prayer, which can unwittingly confine the soul in false conception. Parts two to five enlarge upon this posture with insights into the nature of Truth; the images of nothingness we inhabit to evolve the One; why the human species exists; paradox and mystery impelling our endless conclusion.
?Imagery Techniques In Modern Jewish Mysticism✍ Daniel Reiser
✏Book Title : Imagery Techniques in Modern Jewish Mysticism
✏Author : Daniel Reiser
✏Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
✏Release Date : 2018-07-09
✏Pages : 460
✏ISBN : 9783110535884
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Daniel Reiser
✏Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
✏Release Date : 2018-07-09
✏Pages : 460
✏ISBN : 9783110535884
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Imagery Techniques in Modern Jewish Mysticism Book Summary : This book analyzes and describes the development and aspects of imagery techniques, a primary mode of mystical experience, in twentieth century Jewish mysticism. These techniques, in contrast to linguistic techniques in medieval Kabbalah and in contrast to early Hasidism, have all the characteristics of a full screenplay, a long and complicated plot woven together from many scenes, a kind of a feature film. Research on this development and nature of the imagery experience is carried out through comparison to similar developments in philosophy and psychology and is fruitfully contextualized within broader trends of western and eastern mysticism.
?The Supreme Wisdom Of The Upani Ads✍ Klaus G. Witz
✏Book Title : The Supreme Wisdom of the Upani ads
✏Author : Klaus G. Witz
✏Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
✏Release Date : 1998
✏Pages : 558
✏ISBN : 8120815734
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Klaus G. Witz
✏Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
✏Release Date : 1998
✏Pages : 558
✏ISBN : 8120815734
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏The Supreme Wisdom of the Upani ads Book Summary : This book attempts to let the universal Upanisadic knowledge and experience of Divinity and reality emerge from the original texts and make it accessible to a broader western oriented audience.The book is in text commentary format and uses the method of p
✏Book Title : Robots That Kill
✏Author : Judith A. Markowitz
✏Publisher : McFarland
✏Release Date : 2019-04-08
✏Pages : 247
✏ISBN : 9781476668130
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Judith A. Markowitz
✏Publisher : McFarland
✏Release Date : 2019-04-08
✏Pages : 247
✏ISBN : 9781476668130
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Robots That Kill Book Summary : This book describes real-world killer robots using a blend of perspectives. Overviews of technologies, such as autonomy and artificial intelligence, demonstrate how science enables these robots to be effective killers. Incisive analyses of social controversies swirling around the design and use of killer robots reveal that science, alone, will not govern their future. Among those disputes is whether fully-autonomous, robotic weapons should be banned. Examinations of killers from the golem to Frankenstein’s monster reveal that artificially-created beings like them are precursors of real 21st century killer robots. This book laces the death and destruction caused by all these killers with science and humor. The seamless combination of these elements produces a deeper and richer understanding of the robots around us.
Algae By Vashishta Pdf Free Download
✏Book Title : Karma and Creativity
✏Author : Christopher Chapple
✏Publisher : SUNY Press
✏Release Date : 1986-01-01
✏Pages : 144
✏ISBN : 9780791498767
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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✏Author : Christopher Chapple
✏Publisher : SUNY Press
✏Release Date : 1986-01-01
✏Pages : 144
✏ISBN : 9780791498767
✏Available Language : English, Spanish, And French
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Algae By Vashishta Pdf Free Online
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✏Karma and Creativity Book Summary : The conception of karma in the religious traditions of India has prompted numerous interpretations, many of which equate karma with notions of fate. Karma and Creativity presents a perspective on karma that emphasizes the efficacy of human activity in bringing about desired results--from upholding societal order to the attainment of spiritual liberation. Karma is examined in light of several classical Indian texts. Special attention is given to the concept of mind-only in both Hinduism and Buddhism. The study focuses on the positive approach to action first learned by the sage Vasisin the Mahabharata and then taught by him to Sri Rama in the Yogavasis. It concludes with an exploration of the theological and ethical implications of action and creativity.